How Do Astronomers Use Light

When stargazers go outside at night to look at the sky, they see the light from distant stars, planets, and galaxies. Light is crucial to astronomical discovery.  Whether its from stars or other bright objects, light is something astronomers use all the time. Human eyes see (technically, they detect) visible light. Thats one part of a larger spectrum of light called the electromagnetic spectrum (or EMS), and the extended spectrum is what astronomers use to explore the cosmos. The Electromagnetic Spectrum The EMS comprises the full range of wavelengths and frequencies of light that exist: radio waves, microwave, infrared, visual (optical), ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma  rays. The part humans see is a very tiny sliver of the wide spectrum of light that is given off (radiated and reflected) by objects in space and on our planet. For example, the light from the  Moon  is actually light from the Sun thats reflected off it.  Human bodies also emit (radiate) infrared (sometimes referred to as heat radiation). If people could see in the infrared, things would look very different. Other wavelengths and frequencies, such  as x-rays, are also emitted and reflected. X-rays can pass through objects to illuminate bones. Ultraviolet light, which is also invisible to humans, is quite energetic and is responsible for sunburned skin. The Properties of Light Astronomers measure many properties of light, such as luminosity (brightness), intensity, its frequency or wavelength, and polarization. Each wavelength and frequency of light lets astronomers study objects in the universe in different ways. The speed of light (which is 299,729,458 meters a second) is also an important tool in determining distance. For example, the Sun and Jupiter (and many other objects in the universe) are natural emitters of radio frequencies. Radio astronomers look at those emissions and learn about the objects  temperatures, velocities, pressures, and magnetic fields. One field of radio astronomy is focused on searching out life on other worlds by finding any signals they may send. That is called the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). What Light Properties Tell Astronomers Astronomy researchers are often interested in  the luminosity of an object, which is the measure of how much energy it puts out in the form of electromagnetic radiation. That tells them something about activity in and around the object. In addition, light can be scattered off an objects surface. The scattered light  has properties that tell planetary scientists what materials make up that surface. For example, they might see the scattered light that reveals the presence of  minerals  in the rocks of the Martian surface,  in  the crust of an asteroid, or on Earth.   Infrared Revelations Infrared light is given off by warm objects such things as protostars (stars about to be born), planets, moons, and brown dwarf objects. When astronomers aim an infrared detector at a cloud of gas and dust, for example, the infrared light from the protostellar objects inside the cloud can pass through the gas and dust. That gives astronomers a look inside the stellar nursery. Infrared astronomy discovers young stars and seeks out  worlds  not be visible in optical wavelengths, including asteroids in our own solar system. It  even gives them a peek at places like the center of our galaxy,  hidden behind a thick cloud of gas and dust.   Beyond the Optical Optical (visible) light is how humans see the universe; we see stars, planets, comets, nebulae, and galaxies, but only in that narrow range of wavelengths that our eyes can detect. Its the light we evolved to see with our eyes.   Interestingly, some creatures on Earth can also see into the infrared and ultraviolet, and others can sense (but not see) magnetic fields and sounds that we cannot directly sense. We are all familiar with dogs who can hear sounds that humans cant hear.   Ultraviolet light is given off by energetic processes and objects in the universe. An object has to be a certain temperature to  emit  this form of light. Temperature is related to high-energy events, and so we look for x-ray emissions from such objects and events as newly forming stars, which are quite energetic. Their ultraviolet light can tear apart molecules of gas (in a process called photodissociation), which is why we often see newborn stars eating away at their birth clouds.   X-rays are emitted by even MORE energetic processes and objects, such as jets of superheated material streaming away from black holes. Supernova explosions also give off x-rays. Our Sun emits tremendous streams of x-rays whenever it belches up a solar flare. Gamma-rays are given off by the most energetic objects and events in the universe. Quasars and hypernova explosions are two good examples of gamma-ray emitters, along with the famous gamma-ray bursts.   Detecting Various Forms of Light Astronomers have different types of detectors to study each of these forms of light. The best ones are in orbit around our planet, away from the atmosphere (which affects light as it passes through). There are some very good optical and infrared observatories on Earth (called ground-based observatories), and they are located at very high altitude to avoid most of the atmospheric effects. The detectors see the light coming in. The light might be sent to a spectrograph, which is a very sensitive instrument that breaks the incoming light into its component wavelengths. It produces spectra, graphs that astronomers use to understand the chemical properties of the object. For example, a spectrum of the Sun shows black lines in various places; those lines indicate the chemical elements that exist in the Sun. Light is used not just in astronomy but in a wide range of sciences, including the medical profession, for discovery and diagnosis, chemistry, geology, physics, and engineering. Its really one of the most important tools tha scientists have in their arsenal of ways they study the cosmos.

The Use of Narrative in Film Essay - 964 Words

The Use of Narrative in Film The use of Narrative in film and other forms of media is commonplace; it has become such that the media viewer has not only come to expect it but rely on it somewhat. There are two elements in narrative film today that combine in the engaging of the audience; story and production elements. One example in the Australian film industry of the use of production and story elements in such a way as to engage the audiences attention is the film Two Hands. The film Two Hands was directed in 1999 by Gregor Jordan, a then virtual nobody. The film boasts an all-Australian cast and is full of Australian humor and irony. It is a film that was loved by critics and the public alike and has been affectionately†¦show more content†¦The dialogue in this scene is the most helpful in terms of establishing the storylines and grabbing the attention of the viewer. We learn that Jim owes Pando $10,000 for which he will soon be killed, we learn that Jim will give Pando $15.000 if he lets him go (Im doing a job tomorrow. Let me go and Ill give you 15), we learn that Pando is willing to give Jim a chance by letting him try 013, and that Pando really doesnt want to have to kill him but it seems like he has little choice (sorry Jimmy). The next section of the opening sequence takes us back to what is seemingly the beginning of the film, to the heart of Kings Cross. Jim is standing out the front of a strip joint with a friend of his. It seems the two are employed by the club to entice male passer-buyers into the club. Through their dialogue the viewer can deduce that Jim intends on doing some work for someone name Pando, who incidentally is someone you dont want to get mixed up with. The viewer may also conclude that Jim is unhappy with his current line of work and wishes to move up through the Kings Cross hierarchy, so to speak, by doing this job. During this scene Jims relationship with Pando and Alex are established, or re-established in the case of Pando. Jims first impressions of Alex, an Alexs first impressions of Jim are evident through the production elements involved. Through the use of cuts between and theShow MoreRelatedFilm Review : Quentin Tarantino And Roger Avary1249 Words   |  5 Pagesblockbuster hits. Tarantino has not only directed well known films such as Reservoir Dogs (1992), The Hateful Eight (2015), and Django Unchained (2012) but is credited as a co-writer on each of these projects. His genius as a visual director begins with the psychological depth of his characters and plot by a process of original screenwriting. Normality and rules are deemed optional by means of Tarantino’s circular and grand narratives. 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When assessing the aesthetics of the films, both Batman and The Dark Knight have strong enough narratives to keep them going, but when analyzing more detailed pieces, such as use of colorRead More The Evolution of Film Essay example1185 Words   |  5 PagesIn the early times of narrative cinema there was litter pressure on the filmmakers for the evolution of film forms before nickelodeons (Salt, 31) as cinema had not become a mass cultural product and film was still just a novelty expected to die out like rock n roll. And so the demand was low and so the supply could remain unoriginal. Mary Janes Mishap was made in 1903 when ‘multi-scene films were becoming popular’ (Salt, 32). Mary Janes Mishap is notable for its use of experimental and inventive

Male Eating Disorders Essay Example For Students

Male Eating Disorders Essay ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, Inc. (1998). ANRED: Males with Eating Disorders. Retrieved November 18, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.anred.com/males.htmlCarlat, D.J., Camargo, C.A. Jr., Herzog, D.B. (1997). Eating Disorders in Males: A Report on 135 Patients. American Journal of Psychiatry. 154, 1127-1131. Crosscope-Happel, C., Hutchins, D.E., Getz, H.G., Hayes, G.L. (2000). Male Anorexia Nervosa: A New Focus. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 22, 365-370. Goode, E. (2000). Thinner: The Male Battle With Anorexia. New York Times. 06/25/2000, Vol. 149, Issue 51430, Section 16, p8. Hausenblas, H.A., Carron, A.V. (1999). Eating Disorder Indices and Athletes: An Integration. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology. 21, 230-258. McLorg, P.A. Taub, D.E. (1992) Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: The Development of Deviant Identities. In D.H. Kelly (Ed.), Deviant Behavior: A Text-Reader in the Sociology of Deviance. (pp. 203-214). New York: Worth Publishers. Phillpot, D., Sheppard, G. (1998). More Than Mere Vanity. Guidance Counseling. 13, 28-34. Romero, F. (1994). Adolescent Boys and Anorexia Nervosa. Adolescence. 29, 643-648. Shiltz, T. (2000). Males and Eating Disorders: Research. Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention, Inc. Retrieved on November 18, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.edap.org/edinfo/menresearch.htmlZerbe, K.J. (1992) Eating Disorders in the 1990s: Clinical Challenges and Treatment Implications. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 56, 167-188. Eating Disorders in MalesProf. Rich HalversonPsychology 41: Psychology of Health IllnessDecember 3, 2001Rachel SteinEating disorders have traditionally been a womans problem. It has not been until recently that we have recognized the fact that males are suffering from these deadly disorders as well. It has been generally agreed upon that anywhere from five to 15 percent of all reported cases of eating disorders are attributed to men. This paper will examine its incidence in males and the physical and psychological aspects associated with having an eating disorder. First lets look at the history of eating disorders. The very first case of an eating disorder diagnosed was actually a male. In 1689, Dr. Richard Morton described a case of nervous consumption in a 16-year-old male and he was prescribed restraint from horseback riding and his studies. (Carlat, Camargo, Herzog, 1997) In the 1700s the full plump female figure was considered to be the most beautiful because it showed a sign of wealth. It was not until the 1920s that smaller female figures seemed to be in vogue. The Barbie doll came out in the 1940s which put an absolutely unrealistic measuring stick up to little girls. It was during this time that women began to dress more provocatively in flapper dresses. The 1960s saw an upsurgance of anorexia when Twiggy, the gaunt British actress became popular. And recently our society has seen an increase in the incidence of eating disorders, especially in men. Now lets define anorexia nervosa and bulimia. According to the DSM-IV the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa are body image distortion, amenorrhea, and intense fear of gaining weight, resulting in body weight that is at least 15% below that expected for age and height. (Hausenblas Carron, 1999) The definition for bulimia is less clear. Bulimia includes self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape or weight and recurrent episodes of uncontrollable binge eatingfollowed by inappropriate compensatory behavior undertaken to prevent weight gain. (Hausenblas Carrron, 1999) This compensatory behavior may include use of laxatives, diuretics, self-induced vomiting, strict dieting, fasting or inordinate exercising. Unlike anorexics, bulimics are usually at or above their body weight. These diseases may result in biological problems including amenorrhea for females, gonadotropin secretion in males, electrolyte imbalances, gastrointestinal disorders, endocrine problems, and may result in death. A full 8-18% of anorexic patients die as a result of the affliction. (Zerbe, 1992) Psychologically these individuals usually have problems with depression, anxiety, and obsessive/compulsive disorders. (Crosscope-Happel, Hutchins, Hayes, 2000) Studies have shown that over one million males are affected with anorexia nervosa yearly. (Crosscope-Happel, Hutchins, Hayes, 2000) Some have suggested that these numbers are on the rise as the media continues to assert a more and more unattainable goal of beauty on the public. The majority of the population suffering from eating disorders is female, so lets look at the general prototype of a patient. She is generally a teenager, from a middle to upper class background and white. She generally excels at schoolwork and extra-curricular activities, and is often times labeled a perfectionist. How does this differ from a male with eating disorders? Not all that much actually, he also does well in school although sports tend to be overemphasized. The family tends to play an important role in the development of eating disorders. Males tend to have very strict, domineering fathers who encouraged development in sports. It has also been recognized that many men with eating disorders may not have had a father figure around at all. (Zerbe, 1992) Their mothers have been described as overprotective and controlling. (Romero, 1994) Adolescent boys with eating disorders relate that parents or siblings are usually on diets as well and there tends to be an emphasis on food a nd dieting in the house. Guns on Campus EssayIt was stated earlier that being a homosexual male may be a risk factor for developing eating disorders. Surprisingly this finding has been statically proven that homosexual males are over represented when it comes to eating disorders. There have been estimates as high as 21% of the affected males being homosexual. (Crosscope-Happel, Hutchins, Hayes, 2000) In a study one with 135 male patients with both anorexia and bulimia, 27% were admittedly homosexual or bisexual and 32% were asexual. (Carlat, Camargo, Herzog, 1997) Some authors have noted that up to 50% of male patients experienced homosexual conflict before the onset of their disorder. (Shiltz, 2000) These are assumed to result for different reasons, which will be addressed in the latter portion of this paper. Misdiagnosis among males is extremely common. Presumably the obvious reason is that doctors just simply are not looking for it. Usually men with eating disorders will come in with complaints regarding gastrointestinal problems and the physician may not look for other symptoms that comply with the diagnosis of an eating disorder. It is also difficult to diagnose because an eating disorder in a man may not be as noticeable as that of a woman. Instead of a low body weight, they seek well-defined muscles, sleek abs and sculptured pecs. (Goode, 2000) As a result of being less visible men tend not to seek treatment voluntarily and often do not even recognize the disorder themselves. Although often misdiagnosed, once discovered the treatment for both men and women generally follows the same format. There should be combination of therapies, including nutritional, individual, group, and family sessions. (Romero, 1994) The only issue that comes up is the fact that group therapies mostly women and men tend to have trouble relating to discussions about lost periods and our patriarchal society. (ANRED, 1998)Men have been found to have a high incidence of the coexistence of other addictive behavior besides the eating disorder. Addictions to alcohol, drugs, gambling and sex have all been found in men with eating disorders. (Phillpot Sheppard, 1998) And they actually are much more proud of these addictions because they are considered more manly. Regardless of the treatment eating disorders are very difficult to treat in general because when one wants to cure an addiction to anything else, the obvious answer is abstention. But one cannot abstain from food, regardless of the emotional and physical problems he is having he must continue to eat. It then becomes an issue of where is the balance between healthy and too much, or too little? The final issue to be presented is that of the inordinate amount of homosexual males with eating disorders. There have been a few explanations. The first is concerned with the formation of a sexual identity. Anorexia, especially, is associated with severe gender identity problems.And as stated earlier there have been reports of significant homosexual conflict among males prior to the development of the disorder. (Romero, 1994)Another explanation for the high rates of homosexuality among men with eating disorders is the heightened level of objectification among the gay community. Within the gay c ommunity men, like women in a heterosexual community, share the same role of having their bodies as a commodity. A study found that homosexual men specifically attributed the onset of their disorder to a pressure toward thinness in the gay subculture. (Carlat, Camargo, Herzog, 1997) Strangely this is not the case for homosexual women. The same study found that there was a 24% of males with eating disorders were gay while only 2% of the female population with eating disorders were lesbian. (Carlat, Camargo, Herzog, 1997)A further explanation of greater rates of homosexuality among men with eating disorders is that they plainly may be more willing to attribute the secondary deviance label of bulimic or anorexic to themselves. So the incidence may not be higher at all it is just that gay men are not as worried about the stigma of having a womens disease. One reason for the high rate of asexuality among men with eating disorders may be the overprotective role of the anorectics mother. As a result of controlling parents, he may not be able to develop a sense of autonomy and independence and thus is not equipped to cope with the maturational requirements of adolescence. (Romero, 1994) Consequently, he is maintaining the body type of a boy, who is not capable of becoming an self-ruling entity. Males with eating disorders also exhibited a higher level of anxiety in response to sexual issues than did women. A study found that up to 80% of males stated that sex was a forbidden subject in their households growing up. And some were even relieved when their sexual drive had diminished in the more severe stages of their disorder. There are many differences between men and women who have eating disorders. Sexuality, onset, development and course are just a few. Yet the underlying issue of control is common for both genders. Unfortunately, there is not extensive research regarding males with eating disorders, and their numbers are rising.

Possible Benefits of New Genetics

Introduction There is a lot of controversy attached to the idea of human cloning. For some people, human cloning is ‘ethically wrong’ and for others, it is a ‘repugnant’ and’ morally despicable’ practice. There are various potential benefits attributed to cloning. Emerging testimonies on human cloning have elicited mixed feelings on whether its potential benefits warrant the possible horrors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Possible Benefits of New Genetics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are those who agree that initial attempts to clone people could result in such horrific consequences as deformed children, spontaneous abortion, as well as putting the lives of women who volunteer to carry the first abortions in grave danger (Gibbs 4). In addition, cloning is also associated with a number of disadvantages such as the disappearance of the meaning of life. We also hav e social, ethical, moral, political, and legal issues associated with the practice of cloning (Loston 1). The current paper is an attempt to explore social, ethical, and moral issues of cloning. Human cloning is believed to enhance scientific development and scientific knowledge of humans. For example, the study of human cloning may lead to the discovery of a cure for such diseases as cancer and Alzheimer’s. Another benefit of human cloning is the ability to â€Å"grow† new livers, new hearts, and nerve cells. Moreover, human cloning may also allow for the rebirth of deceased humans, the discovery of new ideas and data, and a cure for genetics-related diseases (Gibbs 6). On the other hand, it is not clear yet the nature of the risks that human clones would face as they develop. Human cloning could result in superhuman beings and who knows their longevity compared to the rest of us? Human cloning can also lead to healthier beings. In addition, it can also help shed ligh t on the causes of spontaneous abortions, and a host of cancers. In contrast, conducting human clones may still be an unsafe practice considering the many risks and uncertainties associated with it. As Cohen (para. 2) has noted, human cloning can cause more deaths of human beings since both, the embryo and the child, can be in danger. I believe the idea of human cloning is wrong from a socialist perspective because we would literary be helping God in his work. The fact that God created us in his own image and likeness means that we should follow his commands, and not be co-creators with him. Considering that life is normally given to us freely, human cloning would be nothing short of mocking God.Advertising Looking for essay on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It would also be a mockery of human kind because essentially, the socialization process of a human clone may be faced with resistance from the rest of us since t his is something that we are not accustomed to. Moreover, the idea of human cloning has not been accepted by society in general, and as such, we can expect one form of resistance or another. On the other hand, one might still argue that cloning is a purely individual decision and because we have that freedom, we might go ahead and embrace this practice as well. Other people also see human cloning as a gambling act whereby we may be intending to treat a preexisting medical condition such as Alzheimer’s cancer, or Parkinson’s disease. From such a perspective, human cloning may no longer be seen as an ethical issue but as a medical issue. For the larger majority, we want to play it safe when it comes to the practice of human cloning. Accordingly, we are yet to take a stand on whether the possible benefits of human cloning would justify the potential horrors associated with the condition. We feel that scientists are leading us to an unknown world. As such, our moral may be compromised by undertaking the practice of human cloning. From a moral point of view, human cloning is wrong because when undertaking the experiments, we are likely to put the would-be clones in unnecessary danger. Because human clones are not generally accepted in the society, it would be morally wrong to bring forth a child who would be denied sufficient psychological and physical support. There is the possibility of lack of attachment between a mother and a child in the case of a cloned child. Just as some people have found, the practice of animal cloning as unacceptable, we can also expect a lot of concern when it comes to human cloning. The larger majority is opposed to the idea of human cloning because they see it as a morally unacceptable practice. As such, it is currently inappropriate, not to mention unethical and morally wrong to undertake human cloning. The possibility that cloning of human might one day become a reality has elicited a lot of ethical issues. Already, the re appears to be high failure rates for animal cloning and for this reason, we need to be very afraid because we may be destined to a similar high failure pattern when and if we decide to embrace the idea of human cloning. This means that we also have to contend with the high morbidity rates that characterize cloned animals (Loston para. 4). Cloning among animals has also been faced with high disability and deformity rates. For example, owing to disability, Dolly the sheep had to be put down when she was only 6 years old, although many sheep live to be over 10 years old. Although we might be able to overcome such coning problems over time, nonetheless, the associated ethical ramifications are not that easy. What would be the basis for denying couples to reproduce cloned babies? Whether cloning should be a preserve for homosexual couples or sterile couples, is still debatable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Possible Benefits of New Genetics specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There question of parents having to choose the traits of their children (because this is what cloning entails anyway), does not appears to go down well with a lot of people. If we allow human cloning to happen, then we shall have effectively started an inevitable process of phasing out the human identity as we know it today. The issue of individuality also comes into question, as well as the difference between manufacture and procreation. If we allowed human cloning to take place, how would the different generations relate? Conclusion Research indicates that cloning has a very low success rate. Even if we are in a position to increase the success rate of human cloning, we cannot rule out the possibility of problem developing during the cloning process, before, during, or after pregnancy. In spite of such risks, proponents of human reproductive cloning views the technique as a potential solution to infertility problems. T here are moral, ethical and social issues attached to the debate on human cloning. As such, policy makers, the public and researchers should all have a responsibility to assess the possible effects of human cloning technique on humans in order to make more informed decisions. Works Cited Cohen, Eric. â€Å"The Politics of Cloning†. Los Angeles Times. June 2001. Web. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jun-03-op-5855-story.html. Gibbs, Nancy. â€Å"Human Cloning: Baby, It’s You! And You, And You†. Time Magazine. Feb. 2001. Web. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999233,00.html. Loston, Amy. â€Å"The ethics of human cloning. January†, Time Magazine 1999. Web. https://time.com/. This essay on Possible Benefits of New Genetics was written and submitted by user Nakia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.